Version

The 4-byte version field in the block header is used by miners to signal readiness for proposed soft-forks.

Version numbers are used in software to signify upgrades or the addition of new features. However, bitcoin is decentralized, so there's no central authority to force everyone to upgrade to new versions of the software. Therefore, it's ideal if the majority of the network can agree to proposed changes in advance.

So the version field is basically used to "vote" for proposed upgrades to the software.

Version Numbers

Up until 2015, the version number was incremented to signal readiness for new for upgrades. This happened until the version number was 4:

• 0x00000001 = The original software
  • Height Activated: 0
• 0x00000002 = BIP 34: Height in Coinbase
  • Height Activated: 227,931
• 0x00000003 = BIP 66: Strict DER signatures
  • Height Activated: 363,725
• 0x00000004 = BIP 65: OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY
  • Height Activated: 388,381

These upgrades became permanent when 950 out of 1000 blocks over a given time period were mined using the new version number. And once those upgrades were active, all new blocks had to use the new version number (or greater).

This system works, but the drawback is that you can only signal for one change at a time.

Due to these upgrades, the required minimum version number for a block is now 0x00000004. Any version number below that will be rejected by nodes on the network.

Version Bits

In 2015 the version field changed to being used a bit field, which allows miners to signal for up to 29 proposed new features at the same time.

Different bits in the 32-bit (4-byte) version field can be designated at the same time to signal readiness for a different soft fork. So all you have to do to signal readiness for a specific upgrade is turn a specific bit "on" (i.e. set it to 1).

tool-662cf2b22d2ed

Version Bits

Random Example

 

Bit Field

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hex

0x

4 bytes

• Version Bits: Enabled

The following bits have been used for upgrades:

• Bit 0: BIP 112: CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY
  • Example: 0b00100000000000000000000000000001
  • Height Activated: 419,328
• Bit 1: BIP 141: Segwit
  • Example: 0b00100000000000000000000000000010
  • Height Activated: 481,824
• Bit 2: BIP 341: Taproot
  • Example: 0b00100000000000000000000000000100
  • Height Activated: 709,632

To use "version bits" for signalling, you have to set the first 3 bits to 0b001 (as specified in BIP 9). This is just a requirement that indicates that you're making use of the version field as a bit field for signalling. So this is why you can only signal for a maximum of 29 different upgrades at the same time (32 - 3 = 29 bits).

Each proposal has its own time period for signalling, where a specific number of blocks have to signal for the upgrade over a specific window for it to become activated. With the taproot upgrade for example, 90% of blocks over a 2016-block target adjustment period had to signal for the upgrade (starting on 24 April 2021 and ending 11 August 2021), which eventually did happen, and the deployment activated at block height 709,632.

You can view the past and current upgrades being voted for via bitcoin-cli getblockchaininfo.

A list of all the bit assignments for proposed upgrades can be found here, but I don't think it's frequently updated.

Examples

Here are some examples of version numbers you'll find in the history of the blockchain.

• 0x00000001 - The majority of blocks up until block height 200,000 use this version number.
  • Example: 000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f (Height 0)
• 0x00000002 - The majority of blocks between 227,931 to 363,724 use this version number.
  • Example: 000000000000024b89b42a942fe0d9fea3bb44ab7bd1b19115dd6a759c0808b8 (Height 227,931)
• 0x00000003 - The majority of blocks between 363,725 to 388,380 use this version number.
  • Example: 00000000000000000379eaa19dce8c9b722d46ae6a57c2f1a988119488b50931 (Height 363,725)
• 0x00000004 - The majority of blocks between 388,381 to around 411,000 use this version number.
  • Example: 000000000000000004c2b624ed5d7756c508d90fd0da2c7c679febfa6c4735f0 (Height 388,381)

After around the block height 411,000 the version field starts being used as a bit field more frequently (as opposed to a simple number). This is why the version "numbers" look so much larger, because the first 3 bits now being set as 0b001.

• 0x20000000 - Version bits being used, but not signalling for any upgrade in particular.
  • Version Bits: 0b00100000000000000000000000000000
  • Example: 000000000000000005025d88492c54a51ac3bccaaa15c12a05aee16a28d6b294 (Height 410,370)
• 0x20000001 - Version bits being used to signal for the CSV upgrade.
  • Version Bits: 0b00100000000000000000000000000001
  • Example: 000000000000000004983f04183f2a6ae7f1cdf6ddb8f4b3f79e39e14392db4c (Height 416,498)
• 0x20000002 - Version bits being used to signal for the Segwit upgrade.
  • Version Bits: 0b00100000000000000000000000000010
  • Example: 0000000000000000001094a0145695e4228c21cbbc6be40507f728c6b7d6f16a (Height 471,329)
• 0x20000003 - Version bits being used to signal for the Taproot upgrade.
  • Version Bits: 0b00100000000000000000000000000100
  • Example: 00000000000000000004f065fae967b93540f321076684fe926d4e7bfbcd77ab (Height 703,353)

Here are some "non-standard" version numbers that pop up every now and then:

• 0x30000000 - I believe this may have been an unofficial bit used to signal support for 2 MB blocks. It appears 2,058 times between blocks 398,364 and 476,482.
  • Version Bits: 0b00110000000000000000000000000000
  • Example: 0000000000000000018c393bb66dac52e1a2131ab2332b4d6e2caed463209892 (Height 414,996)
• 0x08000004 - This is another unofficial signal for adaptive block sizes. It appears 39 times between blocks 416,832 and 455,757.
  • Version Bits: 0b00110000000000000000000000000000
  • Example: 00000000000000000479bbbf51d485ddc7b161998b6f54049e576b09fd72e363 (Height 416,832)

Current Default

The default version in the block header is currently:

0b00100000000000000000000000000000

Which in hex is

0x20000000

This indicates that you're using "version bits" (i.e. the first 3 bits are set to 0b001), but without signalling for any proposed new features (all the other bits are set to zero).

This bit cannot be set to 1, or the version will be invalid:

00000000000000000000000000000000
↑                        

Extra Nonce

There are no restrictions on what values you can put in the version field (other than it must be a minimum of 0x00000004, and the first bit of each byte must not be 1), so miners sometimes use it as an extra nonce when mining.

This is why since around block height 600,000 (also before, but more so since then) you often see some "weird" version numbers in the block header that do not correspond to any proposed upgrades. For example:

• 0x2844a000 - Using version bits with some bits set, but none of them correspond to a proposed upgrade.
  • Version Bits: 0b00101000010001001010000000000000
  • Example: 00000000000000000479bbbf51d485ddc7b161998b6f54049e576b09fd72e363 (Height 791,617)

Again, these version numbers are signalling for anything in particular; they've just been adjusted so the miner can continue hashing their current block without having to rebuild it completely.

Resources

• Version bits FAQ for miners
• What restrictions does the version field in the block header have?
• What are version bits?